1 INTRODUCTION 23
1.1 OBJECTIVES 23
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 24
1.2.1 ADDITIONAL DEFINITIONS/TERMS 24
1.3 INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS 25
1.4 MARKET SCOPE 26
FIGURE 1 MARKET SEGMENTATION: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET 26
1.4.1 YEARS CONSIDERED 27
1.5 CURRENCY 27
1.6 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 27
1.7 LIMITATIONS 28
1.8 STAKEHOLDERS 28
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 29
FIGURE 2 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN 29
FIGURE 3 RESEARCH DESIGN MODEL 30
2.2 SECONDARY DATA 31
2.2.1 KEY SECONDARY SOURCES 31
2.2.2 KEY DATA FROM SECONDARY SOURCES 31
2.2.3 PRIMARY DATA 32
FIGURE 4 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS 32
2.2.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES & DATA COLLECTION METHODS 33
2.2.5 PRIMARY PARTICIPANTS 33
2.3 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 33
2.3.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 33
FIGURE 5 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET 34
2.3.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 34
FIGURE 6 TOP-DOWN APPROACH: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET 34
2.4 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION 35
FIGURE 7 DATA TRIANGULATION 35
2.5 FACTOR ANALYSIS 36
2.5.1 REGIONAL ECONOMY IMPACT ANALYSIS 36
2.5.2 FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR MARKET SIZING: DEMAND- AND SUPPLY-SIDE 37
2.6 ASSUMPTIONS AND RISK ASSESSMENT 37
2.7 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 39
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 40
3.1 REPORT SUMMARY 40
FIGURE 8 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET OUTLOOK 41
FIGURE 9 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION 42
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 43
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR MARKET PLAYERS 43
FIGURE 10 INCREASING SMART CITY INITIATIVES WORLDWIDE TO DRIVE MARKET 43
4.2 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SOLUTION TYPE 43
FIGURE 11 TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS TO DOMINATE MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD 43
4.3 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE 44
FIGURE 12 RIDE HAILING SEGMENT TO LEAD MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD 44
4.4 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY APPLICATION TYPE 44
FIGURE 13 JOURNEY PLANNING TO HOLD LARGEST MARKET SHARE DURING FORECAST PERIOD 44
4.5 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 45
FIGURE 14 FOUR-WHEELERS TO DOMINATE MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD 45
4.6 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY OPERATING SYSTEM 45
FIGURE 15 ANDROID TO BE FASTEST-GROWING SEGMENT DURING FORECAST PERIOD 45
4.7 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY BUSINESS MODEL 46
FIGURE 16 BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGEST SHARE DURING FORECAST PERIOD 46
4.8 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY TRANSPORTATION TYPE 46
FIGURE 17 PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION TO COMMAND LARGER SHARE DURING FORECAST PERIOD 46
4.9 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION 47
FIGURE 18 ASIA PACIFIC ANTICIPATED TO BE LARGEST MARKET BY 2030 47
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 48
5.1 INTRODUCTION 48
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 48
FIGURE 19 DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES: MAAS MARKET 48
5.2.1 DRIVERS 48
5.2.1.1 Increasing smart city initiatives 48
TABLE 1 UPCOMING RAIL PROJECTS, BY COUNTRY 49
5.2.1.2 Improvements in 4G/5G infrastructure and penetration of smartphones 50
FIGURE 20 GLOBAL INTERNET USAGE, 2010–2023 (BILLION) 50
5.2.1.3 Need to reduce CO2 emissions 50
FIGURE 21 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT MODALITIES OF TRANSPORT IN TERMS OF CO2 FOOTPRINT 51
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 52
5.2.2.1 Rising post-pandemic demand for car rentals/station-based mobility 52
FIGURE 22 GLOBAL CAR SHARING & CAR RENTAL MARKET, 2020-2027 52
5.2.2.2 Lack of infrastructure to scale MaaS applications 52
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 53
5.2.3.1 Increasing use of autonomous cars and electric vehicles 53
FIGURE 23 ELECTRIC VEHICLE SALES, 2019―2027 53
5.2.3.2 Use of big data to refine MaaS offerings 54
5.2.3.3 Inclusion of on-demand ferry and freight services 54
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 55
5.2.4.1 Integration of public and private stakeholders 55
5.2.4.2 Limited connectivity in developing countries 55
5.2.4.3 Difficulty in integrating ticketing and payment systems 56
5.3 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING MAAS MARKET 56
5.4 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 56
FIGURE 24 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE ECOSYSTEM 56
5.5 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 57
5.5.1 MONTHLY SUBSCRIPTION PLANS 57
5.5.2 IMPACT OF MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION ON MAAS 57
FIGURE 25 MULTIMODAL MOBILITY PLATFORM 58
5.5.3 IMPACT OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES ON MAAS 58
5.5.4 FIRST MILE & LAST MILE SOLUTIONS 59
5.6 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND CHALLENGES 60
TABLE 2 KEY REGULATORY CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION OF MAAS 60
5.6.1 MARKET ACCESS & INTEGRATION BARRIERS 60
5.6.2 SALES CHANNEL RESTRICTIONS & PAYMENT INTEGRATION 60
5.6.3 UNDEFINED PRINCIPLES FOR DATA SHARING & ACCESS 61
5.7 AVERAGE JOURNEY COST 61
TABLE 3 JOURNEY PLANNING AVERAGE COST 2022 61
5.8 PATENT ANALYSIS 61
5.9 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 64
5.9.1 MOBILLEO 64
5.9.2 CONDUENT 65
5.10 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2023―2024 66
5.10.1 BUYING CRITERIA 67
FIGURE 26 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR TRANSPORTATION TYPES IN MAAS MARKET 67
TABLE 4 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR TRANSPORTATION TYPES IN MAAS MARKET 67
6 RECOMMENDATIONS BY MARKETSANDMARKETS 68
6.1 FOCUS ON SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES TO ENSURE RAPID REVENUE GROWTH FOR MAAS PLAYERS 68
6.1.1 IMPORTANT REGULATIONS AND ACCREDITATION FOR MAAS DEVELOPMENT 68
6.1.2 UI DEVELOPERS SHOULD ENSURE BETTER INTEGRATION OF STAKEHOLDERS 69
6.1.3 SERVICE PROVIDERS SHOULD PRIORITIZE PERSONALIZATION 69
6.2 CONCLUSION 69
7 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE 70
7.1 INTRODUCTION 71
7.1.1 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 71
FIGURE 27 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 72
TABLE 5 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 72
TABLE 6 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 72
7.2 RIDE HAILING 73
7.2.1 E-HAILING TO DRIVE DEMAND 73
TABLE 7 E-HAILING: TOP PLAYERS 73
TABLE 8 RIDE HAILING: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 73
TABLE 9 RIDE HAILING: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 74
7.2.2 CAR SHARING 74
7.2.2.1 Presence of top service providers in Europe to boost market 74
TABLE 10 CAR SHARING – TOP PLAYERS 74
TABLE 11 CAR SHARING: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 75
TABLE 12 CAR SHARING: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 75
7.2.3 MICROMOBILITY 75
7.2.3.1 Need for last mile connectivity to drive demand 75
TABLE 13 MICROMOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 76
TABLE 14 MICROMOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 76
7.2.4 BUS SHARING 76
7.2.4.1 Growing use of bus rapid transit systems in Europe to boost segment 76
TABLE 15 BUS SHARING: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 77
TABLE 16 BUS SHARING: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 77
7.2.5 TRAIN SERVICES 77
7.2.5.1 Increasing network of high-speed trains to fuel segment growth 77
TABLE 17 TRAIN SERVICES: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 78
TABLE 18 TRAIN SERVICES: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 78
8 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY BUSINESS MODEL 79
8.1 INTRODUCTION 80
8.1.1 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 80
FIGURE 28 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY BUSINESS MODEL, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 80
TABLE 19 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY BUSINESS MODEL, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 81
TABLE 20 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY BUSINESS MODEL, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 81
8.2 BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS 82
8.2.1 EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA TO BE KEY MARKETS 82
TABLE 21 BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 82
TABLE 22 BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 82
8.3 BUSINESS-TO-CONSUMER 83
8.3.1 ASIA PACIFIC REGION TO DOMINATE MARKET 83
TABLE 23 BUSINESS-TO-CONSUMER: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 83
TABLE 24 BUSINESS-TO-CONSUMER: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 83
8.4 PEER-TO-PEER 84
8.4.1 REST OF THE WORLD TO BE FASTEST-GROWING MARKET 84
TABLE 25 PEER-TO-PEER: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 84
TABLE 26 PEER-TO-PEER: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 84
9 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SOLUTION TYPE 85
9.1 INTRODUCTION 86
9.1.1 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 86
FIGURE 29 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SOLUTION TYPE, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 86
TABLE 27 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SOLUTION TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 87
TABLE 28 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SOLUTION TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 87
9.2 TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS 88
9.2.1 BIG DATA, IOT, AND MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES TO DRIVE SEGMENT 88
TABLE 29 TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 88
TABLE 30 TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 88
9.3 PAYMENT ENGINES 89
9.3.1 ASIA PACIFIC TO LEAD SEGMENT THROUGH FORECAST PERIOD 89
TABLE 31 PAYMENT ENGINES: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 89
TABLE 32 PAYMENT ENGINES: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 89
9.4 NAVIGATION SOLUTIONS 90
9.4.1 REAL-TIME DATA AND ROUTE PLANNING FEATURES TO BOOST DEMAND 90
TABLE 33 NAVIGATION SOLUTIONS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 90
TABLE 34 NAVIGATION SOLUTIONS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 90
9.5 TELECOM CONNECTIVITY PROVIDERS 91
9.5.1 5G INFRASTRUCTURE IN ASIA PACIFIC TO BOOST MARKET 91
TABLE 35 TELECOM CONNECTIVITY PROVIDERS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 91
TABLE 36 TELECOM CONNECTIVITY PROVIDERS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 91
9.6 TICKETING SOLUTIONS 92
9.6.1 INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC TICKETING TO DRIVE MARKET 92
TABLE 37 TICKETING SOLUTIONS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 92
TABLE 38 TICKETING SOLUTIONS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 92
9.7 INSURANCE SERVICES 93
9.7.1 INCREASING INTEGRATION OF VEHICLES TO DRIVE SEGMENT 93
TABLE 39 INSURANCE SERVICES: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 93
TABLE 40 INSURANCE SERVICES: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 93
10 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY TRANSPORTATION TYPE 94
10.1 INTRODUCTION 95
10.1.1 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 95
FIGURE 30 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY TRANSPORTATION TYPE, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 95
TABLE 41 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY TRANSPORTATION TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 96
TABLE 42 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY TRANSPORTATION TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 96
10.2 PRIVATE 96
10.2.1 GROWING DEMAND FOR PERSONAL MOBILITY OPTIONS TO DRIVE SEGMENT 96
TABLE 43 PRIVATE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 96
TABLE 44 PRIVATE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 97
10.3 PUBLIC 97
10.3.1 HIGH COST OF VEHICLE OWNERSHIP TO INCREASE USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT 97
TABLE 45 PUBLIC: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 97
TABLE 46 PUBLIC: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 98
11 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY APPLICATION TYPE 99
11.1 INTRODUCTION 100
11.1.1 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 100
FIGURE 31 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY APPLICATION TYPE, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 100
TABLE 47 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY APPLICATION TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 101
TABLE 48 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY APPLICATION TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 101
11.2 PERSONALIZED APPLICATION SERVICES 102
11.2.1 MULTIPLE CUSTOMIZED FEATURES TO DRIVE SEGMENT GROWTH 102
TABLE 49 PERSONALIZED APPLICATION SERVICES: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 102
TABLE 50 PERSONALIZED APPLICATION SERVICES: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 102
11.3 JOURNEY MANAGEMENT 103
11.3.1 EXPECTED TO BE FASTEST-GROWING SEGMENT DURING FORECAST PERIOD 103
TABLE 51 JOURNEY MANAGEMENT: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 103
TABLE 52 JOURNEY MANAGEMENT: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 103
11.4 JOURNEY PLANNING 104
11.4.1 AVAILABILITY OF REAL-TIME DATA TO DRIVE SEGMENT 104
TABLE 53 JOURNEY PLANNING: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 104
TABLE 54 JOURNEY PLANNING: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 104
11.5 FLEXIBLE PAYMENTS & TRANSACTIONS 105
11.5.1 USER-FRIENDLY PAYMENT OPTIONS TO BOOST SEGMENT 105
TABLE 55 FLEXIBLE PAYMENTS & TRANSACTIONS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 105
TABLE 56 FLEXIBLE PAYMENTS & TRANSACTIONS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 105
12 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 106
12.1 INTRODUCTION 107
12.1.1 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 107
FIGURE 32 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 108
TABLE 57 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 108
TABLE 58 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 108
12.2 BUSES 109
12.2.1 RISING FUEL PRICES TO DRIVE USE OF BUSES 109
TABLE 59 BUSES: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 109
TABLE 60 BUSES: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 109
12.3 FOUR-WHEELERS 110
12.3.1 RISING DEMAND FOR RIDE HAILING AND CAR SHARING TO BOOST SEGMENT 110
TABLE 61 FOUR-WHEELERS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 110
TABLE 62 FOUR-WHEELERS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 110
12.4 MICROMOBILITY 111
12.4.1 SUITABILITY TO LAST MILE CONNECTIVITY TO DRIVE MARKET 111
TABLE 63 MICROMOBILITY: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 111
TABLE 64 MICROMOBILITY: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 111
12.5 TRAINS 112
12.5.1 INVESTMENT IN MONORAILS AND METROS TO BOOST SEGMENT 112
TABLE 65 TRAINS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 112
TABLE 66 TRAINS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 112
13 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE 113
13.1 INTRODUCTION 114
13.1.1 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 114
FIGURE 33 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 114
TABLE 67 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 115
TABLE 68 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 115
13.2 ICE 116
13.2.1 PHASING OUT OF FOSSIL FUELS TO REDUCE MARKET SHARE 116
TABLE 69 ICE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 116
TABLE 70 ICE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 116
13.3 EV 117
13.3.1 HIGHER ENERGY EFFICIENCY TO DRIVE SEGMENT 117
TABLE 71 EV: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 117
TABLE 72 EV: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 117
13.4 PHEV 118
13.4.1 EXPECTED TO EASE TRANSITION FROM ICE TO EV 118
TABLE 73 PHEV: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 118
TABLE 74 PHEV: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 118
14 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY OPERATING SYSTEM 119
14.1 INTRODUCTION 120
14.1.1 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 120
FIGURE 34 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY OPERATING SYSTEM, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 120
TABLE 75 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY OPERATING SYSTEM, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 121
TABLE 76 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY OPERATING SYSTEM, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 121
14.2 ANDROID 122
14.2.1 SEGMENT TO DOMINATE GLOBAL MARKET THROUGH FORECAST PERIOD 122
TABLE 77 ANDROID: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 122
TABLE 78 ANDROID: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 122
14.3 IOS 123
14.3.1 EXPECTED TO DOMINATE IN NORTH AMERICA THROUGH FORECAST PERIOD 123
TABLE 79 IOS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 123
TABLE 80 IOS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 123
14.4 OTHER OS 124
14.4.1 NEGLIGIBLE MARKET SHARE EXPECTED DURING FORECAST PERIOD 124
TABLE 81 OTHER OS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 124
TABLE 82 OTHER OS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 124
15 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY MODE 125
15.1 INTRODUCTION 126
15.1.1 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 126
FIGURE 35 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY MODE, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 126
TABLE 83 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE, BY MODE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 126
TABLE 84 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY MODE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 127
15.2 PRIVATE 127
15.2.1 INTRODUCTION OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES TO IMPACT SEGMENT GROWTH 127
TABLE 85 PRIVATE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 127
TABLE 86 PRIVATE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 128
15.3 PUBLIC 128
15.3.1 ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF ELECTRIFICATION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES TO DRIVE MARKET 128
TABLE 87 PUBLIC: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 128
TABLE 88 PUBLIC: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 129
16 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY PAYMENT & TRANSPORTATION TYPE 130
16.1 INTRODUCTION 131
16.1.1 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 131
FIGURE 36 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY PAYMENT TYPE, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 131
TABLE 89 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY PAYMENT TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 132
TABLE 90 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY PAYMENT TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 132
16.2 SUBSCRIPTION 132
16.2.1 GROWING USE BY DAILY COMMUTERS TO DRIVE DEMAND 132
TABLE 91 SUBSCRIPTION: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY PAYMENT & TRANSPORTATION TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 133
TABLE 92 SUBSCRIPTION: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY PAYMENT & TRANSPORTATION TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 133
16.3 PAY-AS-YOU-GO 133
16.3.1 TOURISTS AND OCCASIONAL COMMUTERS TO DRIVE SEGMENT 133
TABLE 93 PAY-AS-YOU-GO: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY PAYMENT & TRANSPORTATION TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 133
TABLE 94 PAY-AS-YOU-GO: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY PAYMENT & TRANSPORTATION TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 134
17 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COMMUTE TYPE 135
17.1 INTRODUCTION 136
17.1.1 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 136
FIGURE 37 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COMMUTE TYPE, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 136
TABLE 95 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COMMUTE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 136
TABLE 96 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COMMUTE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 137
17.2 DAILY 137
17.2.1 NEW SUBSCRIPTION PACKAGES TO ATTRACT DAILY COMMUTERS 137
TABLE 97 DAILY COMMUTE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY BUSINESS MODEL, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 137
TABLE 98 DAILY COMMUTE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY BUSINESS MODEL, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 137
17.3 LAST MILE CONNECTIVITY 138
17.3.1 EXPANDING E-COMMERCE TO DRIVE GROWTH OF SEGMENT 138
TABLE 99 LAST MILE CONNECTIVITY COMMUTE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY BUSINESS MODEL, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 138
TABLE 100 LAST MILE CONNECTIVITY COMMUTE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY BUSINESS MODEL, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 138
17.4 OCCASIONAL 139
17.4.1 B2C BUSINESS MODEL TO DRIVE SEGMENT OWING TO FALLING VEHICLE OWNERSHIP 139
TABLE 101 OCCASIONAL COMMUTE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY BUSINESS MODEL, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 139
TABLE 102 OCCASIONAL COMMUTE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY BUSINESS MODEL, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 139
18 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION 140
18.1 INTRODUCTION 141
18.1.1 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 141
FIGURE 38 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 141
TABLE 103 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 142
TABLE 104 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY REGION, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 142
18.2 ASIA PACIFIC 142
FIGURE 39 ASIA PACIFIC: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET SNAPSHOT 143
TABLE 105 ASIA PACIFIC: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 144
TABLE 106 ASIA PACIFIC: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 144
18.2.1 CHINA 145
18.2.1.1 Large EV market to drive demand for MaaS 145
TABLE 107 CHINA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 145
TABLE 108 CHINA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 145
18.2.2 JAPAN 146
18.2.2.1 Local MaaS players to boost market 146
TABLE 109 JAPAN: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 146
TABLE 110 JAPAN: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 146
18.2.3 SINGAPORE 147
18.2.3.1 Increasing government focus on clean transportation to drive market 147
TABLE 111 SINGAPORE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 147
TABLE 112 SINGAPORE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 147
18.2.4 AUSTRALIA 148
18.2.4.1 MaaS partnerships and agreements to be key to market success 148
TABLE 113 AUSTRALIA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 148
TABLE 114 AUSTRALIA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 148
18.2.5 INDONESIA 149
18.2.5.1 New public transport system in Jakarta to propel demand 149
TABLE 115 INDONESIA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 149
TABLE 116 INDONESIA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 149
18.2.6 INDIA 150
18.2.6.1 Significant opportunities for MaaS market in near future 150
TABLE 117 INDIA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 150
TABLE 118 INDIA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 150
18.3 EUROPE 151
FIGURE 40 EUROPE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET SNAPSHOT 151
TABLE 119 EUROPE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 152
TABLE 120 EUROPE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 152
18.3.1 FINLAND 153
18.3.1.1 Government initiatives to drive market 153
TABLE 121 FINLAND: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 153
TABLE 122 FINLAND: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 153
18.3.2 GERMANY 154
18.3.2.1 Presence of major automotive OEMs to boost market 154
TABLE 123 GERMANY: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 154
TABLE 124 GERMANY: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 154
18.3.3 FRANCE 155
18.3.3.1 Government initiatives to bolster market 155
TABLE 125 FRANCE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 155
TABLE 126 FRANCE: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 155
18.3.4 UK 156
18.3.4.1 Investment in smart transportation to boost market 156
TABLE 127 UK: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 156
TABLE 128 UK: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 156
18.3.5 SPAIN 157
18.3.5.1 Efficient mobility infrastructure to support market 157
TABLE 129 SPAIN: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 157
TABLE 130 SPAIN: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 157
18.3.6 NETHERLANDS 158
18.3.6.1 Ride hailing segment to drive demand 158
TABLE 131 NETHERLANDS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 158
TABLE 132 NETHERLANDS: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 158
18.3.7 ITALY 159
18.3.7.1 Increasing use of shared mobility services in cities to drive demand 159
TABLE 133 ITALY: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 159
TABLE 134 ITALY: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 159
18.3.8 RUSSIA 160
18.3.8.1 Government initiatives to boost market 160
TABLE 135 RUSSIA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 160
TABLE 136 RUSSIA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 160
18.3.9 TURKEY 161
18.3.9.1 Demand for smart mobility to create market opportunities 161
TABLE 137 TURKEY: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 161
TABLE 138 TURKEY: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 161
18.4 NORTH AMERICA 162
FIGURE 41 NORTH AMERICA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 162
TABLE 139 NORTH AMERICA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 162
TABLE 140 NORTH AMERICA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 163
18.4.1 US 163
18.4.1.1 Presence of industry leaders to drive market 163
TABLE 141 US: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 163
TABLE 142 US: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 164
18.4.2 CANADA 164
18.4.2.1 High adoption of innovative technologies to propel market 164
TABLE 143 CANADA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 164
TABLE 144 CANADA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 165
18.4.3 MEXICO 165
18.4.3.1 Need to reduce traffic congestion and pollution to boost demand for MaaS 165
TABLE 145 MEXICO: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 165
TABLE 146 MEXICO: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 166
18.5 REST OF THE WORLD 166
FIGURE 42 REST OF THE WORLD: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, 2022 VS. 2030 (USD MILLION) 166
TABLE 147 REST OF THE WORLD: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 167
TABLE 148 REST OF THE WORLD: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 167
18.5.1 BRAZIL 167
18.5.1.1 Growing popularity of ride sharing services to impact market 167
TABLE 149 BRAZIL: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 167
TABLE 150 BRAZIL: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 168
18.5.2 SOUTH AFRICA 168
18.5.2.1 Emergence of local ride hailing companies to drive demand 168
TABLE 151 SOUTH AFRICA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2020–2025 (USD MILLION) 168
TABLE 152 SOUTH AFRICA: MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2026–2030 (USD MILLION) 169
19 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 170
19.1 OVERVIEW 170
19.2 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2022 170
TABLE 153 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2022 170
FIGURE 43 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2022 170
19.3 COMPANY EVALUATION QUADRANT 171
19.3.1 STARS 171
19.3.2 EMERGING LEADERS 171
19.3.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 172
19.3.4 PARTICIPANTS 172
19.3.5 COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING–MAAS PROVIDERS 172
FIGURE 44 COMPETITIVE EVALUATION MATRIX (MOBILITY AS A SERVICE PROVIDERS), 2022 172
19.4 COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING – MAAS SMES 173
FIGURE 45 COMPETITIVE EVALUATION MATRIX (MOBILITY AS A SERVICE SMES), 2022 173
FIGURE 46 COMPANIES ADOPTED NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS AND EXPANSIONS AS KEY GROWTH STRATEGIES, 2019–2022 174
19.5 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 175
19.5.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 175
TABLE 154 PRODUCT LAUNCHES, 2019–2022 175
19.5.2 DEALS 177
TABLE 155 DEALS, 2019–2022 177
19.5.3 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS, 2019–2022 181
TABLE 156 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS, 2019–2022 181
19.6 RIGHT TO WIN 181
TABLE 157 COMPANIES ADOPTED NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS, PARTNERSHIPS, AND SUPPLY CONTRACTS AS KEY GROWTH STRATEGIES DURING 2019–2022 181
19.7 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING 182
TABLE 158 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET: KEY START-UPS/SMES 182
TABLE 159 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET: COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING OF KEY PLAYERS 183
20 COMPANY PROFILES 184
(Business overview, Products offered, Recent developments & MnM View)*
20.1 KEY PLAYERS 184
20.1.1 CITYMAPPER 184
TABLE 160 CITYMAPPER: OVERVIEW 184
TABLE 161 CITYMAPPER: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 184
20.1.2 MAAS GLOBAL 186
TABLE 162 MAAS GLOBAL: OVERVIEW 186
TABLE 163 MAAS GLOBAL: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 186
TABLE 164 MAAS GLOBAL: EXPANSIONS 187
TABLE 165 MAAS GLOBAL: DEALS 187
20.1.3 MOOVIT 189
TABLE 166 MOOVIT: OVERVIEW 189
TABLE 167 MOOVIT: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 189
TABLE 168 MOOVIT: DEALS 190
20.1.4 FOD MOBILITY UK LTD. 192
TABLE 169 FOD MOBILITY UK LTD.: OVERVIEW 192
TABLE 170 FOD MOBILITY UK LTD.: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 192
TABLE 171 FOD MOBILITY UK LTD.: DEALS 193
20.1.5 SKEDGO 194
TABLE 172 SKEDGO: OVERVIEW 194
TABLE 173 SKEDGO: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 194
TABLE 174 SKEDGO: DEALS 195
20.1.6 UBIGO 197
TABLE 175 UBIGO: OVERVIEW 197
TABLE 176 UBIGO: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 197
TABLE 177 UBIGO: EXPANSIONS 197
20.1.7 SPLYT TECHNOLOGIES 198
TABLE 178 SPLYT TECHNOLOGIES: OVERVIEW 198
TABLE 179 SPLYT TECHNOLOGIES: DEALS 198
20.1.8 COMMUNAUTO 200
TABLE 180 COMMUNAUTO: OVERVIEW 200
TABLE 181 COMMUNAUTO: DEALS 200
20.1.9 QIXXIT 201
TABLE 182 QIXXIT: OVERVIEW 201
TABLE 183 QIXXIT: PRODUCT LAUNCHES 201
TABLE 184 QIXXIT: DEALS 201
20.1.10 TRANZER 202
TABLE 185 TRANZER: OVERVIEW 202
TABLE 186 TRANZER: DEALS 202
*Details on Business overview, Products offered, Recent developments & MnM View might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.
20.2 OTHER KEY PLAYERS 203
20.2.1 MOOVEL GROUP 203
TABLE 187 MOOVEL GROUP: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 203
20.2.2 SMILE MOBILITY 203
TABLE 188 SMILE MOBILITY: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 203
20.2.3 SHARE NOW GMBH 204
TABLE 189 SHARE NOW GMBH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 204
20.2.4 VELOCIA INC. 204
TABLE 190 VELOCIA INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 204
20.2.5 UBER 205
TABLE 191 UBER: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 205
20.2.6 LYFT 205
TABLE 192 LYFT: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 205
20.2.7 DIDI CHUXING 206
TABLE 193 DIDI CHUXING: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 206
20.2.8 GRAB HOLDINGS INC. 206
TABLE 194 GRAB HOLDINGS INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 206
20.2.9 MOBILITYX PTE LTD. 207
TABLE 195 MOBILITYX PTE LTD.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 207
20.2.10 BRIDJ 207
TABLE 196 BRIDJ: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 207
20.2.11 ANI TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD (OLA) 208
TABLE 197 ANI TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD (OLA): BUSINESS OVERVIEW 208
20.2.12 MOBILITY TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD 208
TABLE 198 MOBILITY TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 208
20.2.13 WIWIGO 209
TABLE 199 WIWIGO: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 209
20.2.14 EASY TAXI 209
TABLE 200 EASY TAXI: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 209
20.2.15 VIA TRANSPORTATION INC. 210
TABLE 201 VIA TRANSPORTATION INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 210
21 APPENDIX 211
21.1 KEY INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY EXPERTS 211
21.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE 211
21.3 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 215
21.4 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 217
21.4.1 MOBILITY AS A SERVICE MARKET, BY CITY 217
21.4.1.1 Helsinki 217
21.4.1.2 Rome 217
21.4.1.3 Paris 217
21.4.1.4 Los Angeles 217
21.4.1.5 Hanover 217
21.4.1.6 Berlin 217
21.4.1.7 Sydney 217
21.5 RELATED REPORTS 217
21.6 AUTHOR DETAILS 218
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